Philosophy Sam Bowman Philosophy Sam Bowman

Making libertarianism relevant

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I held a competition a few weeks ago to come up with the best alternative name for libertarianism. There were a good number of entries, and a number of good entries. Some were funny (“Freedophile”, “Libercareian”), some were cheeky (“Socialism – because "socialism" is what we do, voluntarily and co-operatively, when there isn't a state to coerce us”), and many, while good intellectually, were too cumbersome to use in everyday language. My personal favourite alternative is “individualist”, argued for by the IEA’s Steve Davies here, but I’m not convinced that we can get past the perception that we’re just selfish egoists. (Not that there’s anything wrong with that, Rand-fans!)

In my view, libertarianism’s central tenet is an opposition to coercion of any kind. I’m divided between picking “mutualism”, “voluntaryism” and “consentualism” as the winner, because I think all convey that tenet. In the end, I’m going to go for “consentualism”, as suggested by Simon Rigelsford. The others have their strengths, but also their baggage. Mutualism, for instance, which was strongly argued for by one commentator, is too anarcho-syndicalist for my tastes. Although I will probably not adopt it as my “ideology”, I think the exercise was useful and interesting to see the options out there. (Update: Just to clarify, I don't suggest that anybody adopts this term, as some commenters seem to think. Sorry if that wasn't clear initially!)

Interestingly, there were a couple of pleas to revert to the word “liberal”. The thinking goes, as argued in a few comments, that the word has resonance and an historical tradition in the UK, unlike “libertarianism”. I’m sympathetic, but the word “liberalism” has changed in its meaning and connotations so that it means something much more akin to the American conception of the word (ie, Rawlsian “high liberalism”) than the old conception. As one commenter pointed out, “the customer is always right”. Once you add a qualifier to a word, you’re in trouble. And “classical” is a weak one too – it sounds backward-looking, introspective and esoteric.

So what brought about the competition? Basically, I think libertarianism as an ideology is strong, appealing and potent, but as a brand is weak (in the UK at any rate), and it's hard to see how we plan on changing that. I'm reading a book called The Yiddish Policemen’s Union at the moment, which contains a line on one character: “[He] had a vice common to believers: He was all strategy and no tactics”. Pertinent words.

One of libertarianism’s greatest assets is how at ease with modernity most of its followers are. It’s important for us to remember this sort of thing – that we are not the “hippies of the right” or “conservatives who smoke pot”. We like technology, are tolerant (and hopefully encouraging) of different lifestyles, and resent attempts by people in positions of strength to control the weak. The failure of the libertarian movement to emphasise the positive aspects of libertarianism that make it more than just a market-worshipping form of conservatism is a serious limitation.

The debate over “Me” libertarianism that some online have had is relevant here. The freedom of women and most minorities (ethnic, racial and in the LGBT community) have all increased drastically in the last century. My guess is that very few of them would see themselves as being on the road to serfdom. That doesn't contradict the ethos of libertarianism, but this often doesn't inform the rhetoric and focus of many libertarians.

The American conservative Bill Buckley said that his magazine, National Review, would “stand athwart history, yelling Stop”. Libertarians should be on the other side, shouting “Faster!”.

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Philosophy Dr. Eamonn Butler Philosophy Dr. Eamonn Butler

On David Hume's 300th birthday

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gumeIt's David Hume's 300th birthday today. Perhaps some lucky people are sharing a party with him somewhere – because Hume always tops the lists of characters from history that everyone would like to dine with. Adam Smith wrote of him 'as approaching as nearly to the idea of a perfectly wise and virtuous man as perhaps the nature of human frailty will permit'.

Not that Hume would have any truck with the notion of an afterlife. He was, in a time steeped in religion and tense with religious disputes, the leading skeptic of his age. His philosophy was empiricism, following the evidence of our senses and trying to understand the workings of the world through that evidence, the only access we have to it. Any number of mystical or metaphysical explanations could be concocted, he thought, including religion; but that got us no nearer to an understanding of reality or of our own nature.

There was hardly any subject in philosophy, politics or even economics that Hume did not write on, and write on with a directness and common sense that cuts through any sophistry. Milton Friedman said of Hume's essay Of Money that it could be read today with pleasure and profit and that it contained 'few if any errors of commission'. This man really could turn his mind to any subject.

In an age where academic status seems to hinge on making everything look complicated, how much we need today the commonsense philosophy of David Hume.

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Philosophy Sam Bowman Philosophy Sam Bowman

Renaming libertarianism - a competition

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Suppose you decided that the word "libertarianism" doesn't work for the free market, classical liberal movement in this country. You like all the ideas and all, but the word is too unwieldy or has too many negative connotations to be useful to promoting those ideas. You want to rename libertarianism with an equally "big tent" word or term. So, what would you use instead? 

We'd like to hear your ideas. In the comments, post the word or term you'd suggest as an alternative, with a few lines explaining your thinking if you like. We know that people respond to incentives, so the suggestion that we like the most will win an Adam Smith medal.

One entry per email address, please. There are no rules about the content of your entry and you can enter and win from anywhere in the world. (Although I'll pre-empt the hilarious "insanity/stupidity", etc, entries now – no need to waste your energy repeating old jokes!). If two people suggest the same word, we'll choose the best justification (be concise, please). The competition will be open until next Thursday at 00:01. I'm trying to be precise, here – no BBC competition scandals for us!

I'll write a blogpost elaborating on the thinking behind this when we announce the winner.

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Philosophy Preston Byrne Philosophy Preston Byrne

Think piece: To have or to be? A reflection on the anti-cuts march

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edAs this Saturday was the first in a while that I've had to myself, I woke up early and resolved to make a particularly special effort to spend the day doing things that make me happy. One of these is to take a walk in Hyde Park around the Serpentine, maybe with a cup of tea, as my father and I sometimes do when he visits. When I got there, however, I discovered – to my horror – that the park was completely overrun with thousands of trade unionists. After turning down some free socialist literature (and hearing some uninspiring speeches blaming the banks for everything from sour milk to the Spanish Inquisition), to my surprise Ed Miliband appeared, looking, to his credit, pretty sharp and leader-like. So I stuck around.

After his introduction, met with boos and cheers in equal measure, he began to speak – and while his speech was easily the best on offer, trade union gatherings are not exactly known for brilliant, soaring oratory. Mr. Miliband tried to break that mold. He proclaimed that the day's protesters came "in the tradition of... the suffragettes who fought for votes for women – and won; the civil rights movement in America that fought against racism – and won; the anti-apartheid movement that fought the horror of that system – and won. The cause may be different but... we are standing on the shoulders of those who have marched and struggled for great causes in the past." The purpose of the day, he declared, was to "preserve, protect and defend the things we value" – those "things" being, specifically: "libraries, the Citizens Advice Bureau, the community centre," children's centres, and public sector jobs, "the fabric of our communities." [Continue reading]

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Philosophy Tom Clougherty Philosophy Tom Clougherty

Liberty as a moral principle

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Unlike Sam, I am a natural rights libertarian. I believe that each of us enjoys the fundamental right of self-ownership, not because it is granted by government, or because it is god-given, but simply because we are human. From that flows the non-aggression principle: no one may initiate or threaten force, or employ fraud, against the person or property of anyone else.

That doesn’t mean I don’t think liberty is utility maximizing. Of course free markets produce better outcomes than unfree ones. And of course free societies are happier and more peaceful than unfree ones. Nor does my natural-rights stance mean I reject the consequentialist argument that the protection of the individual has largely become established and embedded in our institutions because it works, rather than because of broad acceptance of self-ownership as a moral principle.

What it does mean is that I think the promotion of liberty should rest on moral arguments as well as on empirical ones. The libertarian movement does itself a grave disservice if it focuses solely on things like efficiency and growth maximization. We end up looking like heartless bean counters, forever attacking someone else’s idea of compassion. And that’s not what liberty is about. Liberty is an inspiring, exciting, and – yes – deeply moral ideal. We shouldn’t be afraid to say so.

P.S. I also think that people are far less persuaded by empirical evidence than is commonly assumed. It doesn’t really seem to matter how much havoc government intervention causes, or how little success the welfare state has, so long as people think it was ‘the right thing to do’. As long as society is dominated by an anti-individualist ethic, freedom is going to get short shrift, and libertarians are going to be fighting a losing battle.

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Philosophy Sam Bowman Philosophy Sam Bowman

Bleeding heart libertarianism

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The libertarian blogosphere is abuzz with talk about the new Bleeding Heart Libertarians blog. Basically, the BHLers are hoping to fuse libertarian policies with a Rawlsian moral position that emphasises the welfare of the poor. They present it as a challenge to the current orthodoxy in libertarianism, which (in the US, at least) is typically based on the idea of natural rights: libertarianism is morally good because it minimizes coercion, so it’s the best system.

I’ve never been happy with that paradigm. It’s rare to meet a natural rights libertarian who doesn’t also think that a libertarian system would maximise wealth, which is a bit of a coincidence. This is a dogmatic position that might be popular among true believers, but is quite peripheral to mainstream debate. I think the BHLers are missing the point about what most libertarians are driven by now – a practical scepticism about government’s efficacy, not moral concerns.

Their implication is that, if we accept Rawls’ philosophy that sees natural born traits as a lottery, some kind of redistribution is necessary. The thinking is, essentially, “Well, if you want to promote utility, wouldn’t taking a little from Bill Gates and giving it to Oliver Twist be a good step?”. And, in the vacuum of a thought experiment, it might be.

But the fact that we’re not in a thought experiment is the big question that we’ve got to tackle. No policy actually does take place in a vacuum, special interest groups vie with each other to influence policy, and people in and out of government are deeply flawed creatures. Politicians and civil servants are humans too, and they are influenced by incentives as the rest of us. This makes it extremely hard to assume a “good” government, as most interventionists do when they propose another tinkering with society or the economy, because the unforeseen consequences that go with any coercive policy can be big, and there’s no reason to think that a given policy will be carried out as its designer intends. Peter Boettke sometimes shows his students this graph:

robust

It’s designed to show that, if we did have perfectly good and knowledgable actors, things would be great under any system. But we don’t have perfect actors in the market or in government, so this is a pretty silly place to make policies for. We have to think about which type of organization is most robust. Spontaneous orders like the market are more reactive to change and can process new information more quickly than are planned orders. This is what Hayek, Buchanan, Polanyi and many others all saw, and its a key reason – maybe the key reason – to prefer the market to the state.

I probably am a bleeding heart libertarian, in the sense that I’d like a system that raises the overall amount of utility in society and I don't believe in natural rights. But that doesn’t imply any particular system in and of itself. The big question isn’t why, but how, to run society, and a convincing defence of a libertarian system should be based on outcomes rather than first principles. It’s not a good system because it’s moral, it’s moral because it’s a good system. 

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Philosophy Philip Salter Philosophy Philip Salter

What's wrong with liberty?

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Is there any trouble with liberty? According to Christopher Beam there is. In New York magazine he has a decent crack at the philosophical nut of libertarianism, but comes up well short. The question the article asks is “do we want to live in their world?” ‘Their’ being libertarians. His answer is not only that we don’t, but that we are not likely to. He might be right on both counts, but not for the reasons expressed.

The meat of his argument appears to be that libertarianism takes things too far, but his understanding of the scholarship is weak. Bucketfuls of libertarian ink have been spilled on monetary reform, but in a paragraph devoted to this subject, he mentions only a gold standard. His conclusion is that this is “a policy that most economists agree would lead to economic meltdown”. Firstly, a return to a gold standard is not the only game in town, but more importantly since when was it a good idea to listen to most economists?

For Mr Beam, “There’s always tension between freedom and fairness. We want less government regulation, but not when it means firms can hire cheap child labor.” This is a false dichotomy, and not only because fairness is a completely subjective term. It is the fruits of capitalism that have allowed the postponement of work to become a norm for the children of the developed world. While in the developing world, prohibiting children from working often forces them into criminality and prostitution. Most people working on the ground know this and work around it accordingly.

A central criticism Mr Beam throws at libertarians is they need to bend their principles. In fact, libertarians have been working at the dirty coalface of politics and policy for years, inventing and promoting incrementalist policies that often don’t adhere to the full picture of their personal ideals. It is indeed a tough balance between principal and political power, but libertarians have never been afraid to trade in a little bit of the former for the latter. Perhaps, on occasion too much. But to suggest that the movement has been snooty towards politics is just plain wrong. The two most recognisable figures in the libertarian pantheon,  Hayek and Friedman, were not afraid to get their hands dirty when the need arose.

Mr Beam is not entirely uninformed about the key figures and pressures in the libertarian movement. However, he is remarkably ignorant of the ideas and policy successes. To be fair, anyone would find it hard to satisfactorily bring down a political philosophy in a couple of thousand words, especially one that is mostly right.

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Philosophy Sally Thompson Philosophy Sally Thompson

The Liberty Lectures

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Videos of all of the speakers at the Institute’s Liberty Lectures have been uploaded to our YouTube channel for anyone who could not attend. The annual event, which took place over the Summer, brought together the country’s top thinkers on liberty to provide thought-provoking talks on the libertarian approach to economic, philosophical and political concepts for students.

Dr Tim Evans, President of the Libertarian Alliance, kicked off the afternoon’s lectures with ‘The Importance of Liberty’. He explained the underlying principles of Libertarianism: life, liberty and property and the link between liberty and capitalism. Dr Eamonn Butler, Director of the Adam Smith Institute, then talked on how markets work. He argued that the free market works in mysterious ways and caters to our wants and desires. In contrast to this government is inefficient and the services it offers give little choice and are expensive for the public.

Dr John Meadowcroft then gave a talk on the rather excitingly titled topic of ‘Sex, Drugs and Liberty’. He gave a strong criticism of prohibition and why it is morally wrong as it undermines our individual right to self-ownership. Next, Dr Mark Pennington gave a talk on public choice theory. Mark highlighted how government intervention is more damaging than an imperfect market, especially as government is controlled by special interest groups. Professor Anthony Evans, from the European Business School, showed how the Austrian school predicted the crash and explained the Austrian theory on the causes of the cycles of booms and busts. Finally, Dr Richard Wellings, from the Institute of Economic Affairs, gave a convincing talk on the role of government, arguing for a limited government whilst highlighting the dangers of big government.

It was a fascinating afternoon of top class speakers and definitely worth a watch.

Full playlist here.

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